Similar immune responses to alpha1-oleate and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment in patients with bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The molecular content of urine is defined by filtration in the kidneys and by local release from tissues lining the urinary tract. Pathological processes and different therapies change the molecular composition of urine and a variety of markers have been analyzed in patients with bladder cancer. The response to BCG immunotherapy and chemotherapy has been extensively studied and elevated urine concentrations of IL-1RA, IFN-α, IFN-γ TNF-α, and IL-17 have been associated with improved outcome. METHODS: In this study, the host response to intravesical alpha 1-oleate treatment was characterized in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer by proteomic and transcriptomic analysis. RESULTS: Proteomic profiling detected a significant increase in multiple cytokines in the treatment group compared to placebo. The innate immune response was strongly activated, including IL-1RA and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the IL-1 family (IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-33), chemokines (MIP-1α, IL-8), and interferons (IFN-α2, IFN-γ). Adaptive immune mediators included IL-12, Granzyme B, CD40, PD-L1, and IL-17D, suggesting broad effects of alpha 1-oleate treatment on the tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The cytokine response profile in alpha 1-oleate treated patients was similar to that reported in BCG treated patients, suggesting a significant overlap. A reduction in protein levels at the end of treatment coincided with inhibition of cancer-related gene expression in tissue biopsies, consistent with a positive treatment effect. Thus, in addition to killing tumor cells and inducing cell detachment, alpha 1-oleate is shown to activate a broad immune response with a protective potential.

BAMLET administration via drinking water inhibits intestinal tumor development and promotes long-term health.

Though new targeted therapies for colorectal cancer, which progresses from local intestinal tumors to metastatic disease, are being developed, tumor specificity remains an important problem, and side effects a major concern. Here, we show that the protein-fatty acid complex BAMLET (bovine alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) can act as a peroral treatment for colorectal cancer. ApcMin/+ mice, which carry mutations relevant to hereditary and sporadic human colorectal cancer, that received BAMLET in the drinking water showed long-term protection against tumor development and decreased expression of tumor growth-, migration-, metastasis- and angiogenesis-related genes. BAMLET treatment via drinking water inhibited the Wnt/ß-catenin and PD-1 signaling pathways and prolonged survival without evidence of toxicity. Systemic disease in the lungs, livers, spleens, and kidneys, which accompanied tumor progression, was inhibited by BAMLET treatment. The metabolic response to BAMLET included carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which were inhibited in tumor prone ApcMin/+ mice and weakly regulated in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting potential health benefits of peroral BAMLET administration in addition to the potent antitumor effects. Together, these findings suggest that BAMLET administration in the drinking water maintains antitumor pressure by removing emergent cancer cells and reprogramming gene expression in intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues.

Spatially explicit modeling of disease surveillance in mixed oak-hardwood forests based on machine-learning algorithms.

Incidences of disease, dieback, decline or mortality, some of which induced or enhanced by climate change, threaten the sustainability of forest stands in many ecosystems. Spatially explicit prediction of disease onset remains challenging, however, due to the involvement of several causative agents. In this paper, we developed a generic framework based on machine-learning algorithms and spatial analyses for landscape-level prediction of oak disease outbreaks caused by the charcoal fungus Biscogniauxia mediterranea in a mixed-oak forest of Mediterranean climate. For prediction, we used a set of fifteen causative factors as a cross-function of soil, site and stand-related predictors. A total of 80 sample plots, including 1134 affected trees, were surveyed and used for the modeling process at the 5600-ha landscape level of the southern Zagros, Iran, where the disease occurs in roughly 25% of forest lands. Ten machine learning algorithms were explored and the performance of each algorithm to predict oak disease outbreak was evaluated. The modeling framework used maximum entropy to remove the least influential variables and build the status-quo management scenario to which the results of the prediction models were compared. Results showed that the random forests algorithm (AUC = 0.96: Precision = 0.71: Accuracy = 0.90: F-Measure = 0.70) achieved significantly better results than the status-quo management (Precision = 0.13: Accuracy = 0.67: F-Measure = 0.12) and any other algorithm. Soil chemical properties (NPK, organic carbon and EC) and landform predictors (slope, distance to roads, and TWI) were major forecasters of oak disease outbreak identified by the random forest algorithm. Geostatistical analysis enabled the creation of a map that identified sites at higher risk of infestation, allowing epidemiologists and forest managers to find sites likely to be infested. Consequently, financial resources can be allocated and management practices such as sanitation felling treatments applied across large forest landscapes to minimize the risk of spread and severity to uninfested high-value trees on nearby or adjacent land zones that are in the early stage of epidemics.

Therapeutic Effects of IL-1RA against Acute Bacterial Infections, including Antibiotic-Resistant Strains.

Innate immunity is essential for the anti-microbial defense, but excessive immune activation may cause severe disease. In this study, immunotherapy was shown to prevent excessive innate immune activation and restore the anti-bacterial defense. E. coli-infected Asc-/- mice develop severe acute cystitis, defined by IL-1 hyper-activation, high bacterial counts, and extensive tissue pathology. Here, the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), which inhibits IL-1 hyper-activation in acute cystitis, was identified as a more potent inhibitor of inflammation and NK1R- and substance P-dependent pain than cefotaxime. Furthermore, IL-1RA treatment inhibited the excessive innate immune activation in the kidneys of infected Irf3-/- mice and restored tissue integrity. Unexpectedly, IL-1RA also accelerated bacterial clearance from infected bladders and kidneys, including antibiotic-resistant E. coli, where cefotaxime treatment was inefficient. The results suggest that by targeting the IL-1 response, control of the innate immune response to infection may be regained, with highly favorable treatment outcomes, including infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains.

Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Satureja hortensis Essential Oil toward Superior Antibacterial/Fungal and Anticancer Performance.

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles, due to their environmental and biomedical properties, has been of particular interest to scientists and physicians. Here, iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) were synthesized using Satureja hortensis essential oil. Then, the chemical, functional, and morphological properties of these nanoparticles were characterized by typical experiments such as Uv-Vis, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, PSA, zeta potential, EDX, and EDX mapping. The results indicated Fe nanoparticles' formation with a cubic morphological structure and a particle size in the range of 9.3-27 nm. The antimicrobial effects of these nanoparticles were further evaluated using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungal concentration (MFC) against two gram-positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium glutamicum), two gram-negative bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), and one fungus species Candida albicans. The results showed that green-synthesized Fe nanoparticles possessed higher antimicrobial properties than Satureja hortensis essential oil against selected pathogenic microorganisms, especially Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the anticancer effect of these Fe nanoparticles was investigated on human cancer cells, K-562, and MCF-7, by the MTT assay. The results showed the anticancer effect of these nanoparticles against selected cell lines.

A bacterial protease depletes c-MYC and increases survival in mouse models of bladder and colon cancer.

Is the oncogene MYC upregulated or hyperactive? In the majority of human cancers, finding agents that target c-MYC has proved difficult. Here we report specific bacterial effector molecules that inhibit cellular MYC (c-MYC) in human cells. We show that uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) degrade the c-MYC protein and attenuate MYC expression in both human cells and animal tissues. c-MYC protein was rapidly degraded by both cell-free bacterial lysates and the purified bacterial protease Lon. In mice, intravesical or peroral delivery of Lon protease delayed tumor progression and increased survival in MYC-dependent bladder and colon cancer models, respectively. These results suggest that bacteria have evolved strategies to control c-MYC tissue levels in the host and that the Lon protease shows promise for therapeutic targeting of c-MYC in cancer.

Active bacterial modification of the host environment through RNA polymerase II inhibition.

Unlike pathogens, which attack the host, commensal bacteria create a state of friendly coexistence. Here, we identified a mechanism of bacterial adaptation to the host niche, where they reside. Asymptomatic carrier strains were shown to inhibit RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in host cells by targeting Ser2 phosphorylation, a step required for productive mRNA elongation. Assisted by a rare, spontaneous loss-of-function mutant from a human carrier, the bacterial NlpD protein was identified as a Pol II inhibitor. After internalization by host cells, NlpD was shown to target constituents of the Pol II phosphorylation complex (RPB1 and PAF1C), attenuating host gene expression. Therapeutic efficacy of a recombinant NlpD protein was demonstrated in a urinary tract infection model, by reduced tissue pathology, accelerated bacterial clearance, and attenuated Pol II-dependent gene expression. The findings suggest an intriguing, evolutionarily conserved mechanism for bacterial modulation of host gene expression, with a remarkable therapeutic potential.

Polymorphisms of Pre-miR-499 rs3746444 T/C and Pre-miR-146a rs2910164 C/G in the Autoimmune Diseases of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the West of Iran.

BACKGROUND: The present research is a case-control study to analyze the influence of pre-miRNA-146a rs2910164 and pre-miRNA-499 rs3746444 polymorphisms as candidate susceptibility factors for both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Polymorphism in miR146 and miR499 using ARMS-PCR was genotyped on 139 autoimmune disease (AD) patients (89 RA and 50 SLE) referred to Educational Hospitals of Khorramabad, Lorestan Province, west of Iran in 2018-2019 and 237 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: A significant increase in the likelihood of carrying the GC vs. GG of pre-miR146-rs2910164 and T vs C allele of pre-miR499- rs3746444 in patients with RA was found. On the contrary, patients with RA were less likely to carry the TC + CC vs TT genotype and the C vs T allele of pre-miR499- rs374644. In females with the GC vs GG and GC+ CC vs GG genotypes, a significant association was found with the increased risk of RA. Interestingly, the genotypic combination of TC of the pre-miR499-rs374644 with GG of pre-miR146-rs2910164 more strongly decreased the risk of RA. In patients with SLE, no notable associations were found between both pre-miRNA-146a rs2910164 and pre-miRNA-499 rs3746444 with risk of disease. CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms of miR146 rs2910164 is associated with RA susceptibility especially in females. Interestingly, there is a potential in miR499 to reduce the risk with the protective effect of gene-gene interactions on miR146 in RA disease.